Wilms’ tumor is a rare but serious type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children. Most commonly diagnosed in children between the ages of 3 and 4, it can be a frightening diagnosis for any parent. However, with early detection and the right treatment, the outlook is often positive. In this blog, we’ll look at what Wilms’ tumor is, what causes it, how to recognize the signs and symptoms, and what treatment options are available. Understanding this condition is important to ensure the best care for affected children.
What is Wilms Tumor?
Wilms’ tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a type of cancer that starts in the kidneys, the organs responsible for filtering blood and making urine. This tumor is named after Dr. Max Wilms, a German surgeon who first described it.
Wilms’ tumor is most common in children, especially those under the age of 5. Although it can affect both kidneys, it usually develops in only one. The exact cause of Wilms’ tumor is not fully understood, but it is thought to result from cells in the kidney that do not develop properly as the fetus grows during pregnancy.
What Causes Wilms Tumor in Children?
The exact cause of Wilms’ tumor in children is still largely unknown. However, researchers have identified several risk factors that may increase the chances of developing this type of cancer:
1. Genetic mutations: Some children inherit genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing Wilms’ tumor. These mutations can occur spontaneously or can be inherited from parents. Syndromes such as WAGR syndrome, Denys-Drash syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome are associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor.
2. Family history: Although rare, having a family member with Wilms tumor may increase a child’s risk of developing it. This suggests that some cases may have an inherited component.
3. Prenatal factors: Some studies suggest that factors during pregnancy, such as exposure to certain environmental toxins, may contribute to the development of Wilms’ tumor, although this link is not well established.
4. Certain birth defects: Children born with certain birth defects, especially those that affect the urinary system, have a higher risk of developing Wilms’ tumor.
While these factors may increase the risk, it’s important to remember that most children with Wilms’ tumor have no identifiable risk factors.
Signs and Symptoms of Wilms Tumor
Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of Wilms’ tumor is important for effective treatment. Unfortunately, symptoms can be vague and sometimes mistaken for other, less serious conditions. Common symptoms include
1. Abdominal swelling or lump: One of the most common signs of Wilms’ tumor is a noticeable swelling or lump in the abdomen. This lump may be felt during a routine physical exam or noticed by parents while bathing or dressing their child.
2. Abdominal pain: Children with Wilms’ tumor may complain of pain in the abdomen. The pain may be mild or severe and may come and go.
3. Fever: Unexplained fever without other symptoms of infection can sometimes be a sign of Wilms’ tumor.
4. Blood in the urine (hematuria): Blood in the urine can occur, but it’s not always visible. Sometimes it can only be detected by a urine test.
5. High blood pressure: Wilms’ tumor can cause high blood pressure (hypertension) in some children, which can lead to symptoms such as headaches or dizziness.
Nausea and vomiting: Some children with Wilms’ tumor may experience nausea and vomiting, often due to the tumor pressing on other organs.
Loss of appetite and weight loss: A child with Wilms’ tumor may eat less and lose weight without trying.
If any of these symptoms are noticed, it’s important to see a doctor right away for further evaluation.
Diagnosis of Wilms Tumor
If Wilms’ tumor is suspected, a series of diagnostic tests will be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the tumor. These tests typically include
Physical examination: The doctor will perform a thorough physical examination, paying close attention to the abdomen for any swelling or lumps.
Imaging tests:
1. Ultrasound: Often the first test is done, an ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the kidneys and can help detect a tumor.
2. CT scan (computed tomography): A CT scan provides detailed images of the kidneys and surrounding tissues, helping to determine the size and spread of the tumor.
3. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): An MRI may be used to get a more detailed view of the tumor and surrounding areas.
Blood and urine tests: These tests help evaluate kidney function and detect any abnormalities that may be associated with Wilms’ tumor.
Biopsy: In some cases, a biopsy (removal of a small sample of tissue from the tumor) may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and identify the type of tumor cells present.
Staging: Once Wilms’ tumor is diagnosed, doctors will determine the stage of the tumor, which indicates how far it has spread. Staging is important for planning the most effective treatment.
Treatment Options for Wilms Tumor
Treatment for Wilms’ tumor usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy. The specific treatment plan depends on the stage of the tumor and the child’s overall health.
1. Surgery (nephrectomy):
Partial nephrectomy: In some cases, only the part of the kidney containing the tumor is removed.
Radical nephrectomy: More often, the entire affected kidney is removed along with surrounding tissue and sometimes nearby lymph nodes.
2. Chemotherapy:
Before surgery: Chemotherapy may be given before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove.
After surgery: After surgery, chemotherapy is often used to kill any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.
3. Radiation therapy:
Radiation may be used if the tumor has spread or if it cannot be completely removed by surgery. It uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells.
4. Advanced Treatments:
Clinical trials: Some children may be suitable for clinical trials testing new treatments or drug combinations.
Targeted therapy: In some cases, medicines that specifically target cancer cells without harming normal cells may be used.
Side effects and follow-up:
Treatment may cause side effects such as fatigue, nausea, or hair loss. It’s important to discuss these with your healthcare team and learn how to manage them.
Regular follow-up visits are important to monitor for signs of recurrence and to manage any long-term effects of treatment.
Importance of Specialized Care
Because of the complexity of Wilms’ tumor, it’s important to seek care from specialists who are experienced in treating this type of cancer. A pediatric urologist is often involved in the care of children with Wilms’ tumor because of his or her expertise in diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.
Why Choose a Specialist?
Pediatric urologists and oncologists work together to provide complete care to your child’s.
Specialized care can improve outcomes because these experts are familiar with the latest treatment protocols and can provide advanced care.
For parents seeking expert care, Dr. Apoorva Kulkarni, a renowned pediatric urologist in Thane, offers specialized treatment for Wilms’ tumor and other pediatric urological conditions. With extensive experience in managing complex cases, Dr. Kulkarni provides compassionate and holistic care for your child.
While Wilms’ tumor is serious, it is treatable, especially if caught early. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is key to ensuring the best possible outcome for affected children. If you notice any signs of Wilms tumor in your child, such as abdominal swelling or blood in the urine, it’s important to see a doctor right away.